NCBI Bookshelf. Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Gender-appropriate and culturally responsive health care improves both short- and long-term outcomes, not just for women with substance use disorders but also for clients with almost any type of healthcare problem. The likelihood of good health or the prevalence of certain disorders is, in part, a product qomen gender. Certain health issues are unique to women; others affect women disproportionately compared to men; and still others have a different effect on women than on men. To add to these gender differences, the National Institutes of Health NIH has identified critical racial and ethnic disparities in health that result in different outcomes or consequences in some groups.
The pay equity gap has been researched and debated for decades, with little real progress to show for it. But the reckoning may finally be here.
NCBI Bookshelf. This chapter describes specific issues facing men that can affect all elements of the treatment process, including the decision to seek treatment in the first place. Behavioral health counselors can anticipate barriers and better engage men in treatment by being aware of factors that influence why men abuse substances, which substances they choose, and the behavioral, social, and situational issues they may confront. The chapter begins by addressing co-occurring disorders —a major issue in the treatment of men—and goes on to examine social, behavioral, family, spiritual, and situational issues. Many treatment approaches useful for men are the same that have been found useful for all clients. As noted in Chapter 1 , most clients in substance abuse treatment are male , and most research into treatment methods has used populations that reflect the composition of treatment programs. Small adaptations can be made to improve treatment for men, such as ensuring that waiting rooms have decorations and reading material that appeal to men, and asking about client preferences regarding types of treatment many men prefer more instrumental approaches, such as cognitive—behavioral therapy and behavioral health service provider gender see the discussion on therapist gender later in this chapter. Providers should also recognize the motivations that typically bring men to treatment such as criminal justice system involvement, referrals from other behavioral health resources, and family or work-related pressures, discussed in Chapter 5 and the possible resentment of treatment staff that can result.
How do people use marijuana?
In treatment planning, consider approaches that have been found effective with men or with men who have particular characteristics such as a high degree of anger —these, too, are discussed in Chapter 5. The other considerations of which behavioral health service providers need to be mindful follow from an understanding of the factors that define masculinity and male roles in our society, which are discussed in Chapter 1. Men are expected to be independent, self-sufficient, stoic, and invulnerable. Consequently, they may have trouble identifying or expressing weaknesses or problems within treatment, which may be perceived as a lack of trust or an unwillingness to be open with counselors or fellow clients. Men often have concerns about privacy and need reassurance that treatment will pose no threat to their image or standing. They may also have trouble analyzing their own problems, particularly feelings related to those problems. This too is, in part, a reflection of men’s stoicism.
When Drinking or Drug Use is Harming the Relationship
Like most facets of an addiction, relationships play a cause-and-effect role, and understanding these dynamics is instrumental to controlling the addiction and saving the relationship. The question of how substance abuse can impact families is not a new one. In , the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration reviewed pre-existing literature and found that addiction has different effects on different relationship structures. Extended family members might be put through stressful experiences of shame and humiliation if their connection to the addict and his or her behavior becomes known. When dealing with a partner, the consequences of a substance abuse problem generally fall into psychological and resultant behavior and economic categories. Money, for example, can be diverted away from savings and joint interests, and toward fueling a habit. Psychologically and behaviorally , a partner could be on the receiving end of mood swings, reduced sexual interest and functioning, lack of engagement from their loved one, and other forms of emotional neglect. A substance abuse problem is insidious. The same is true when addiction issues arise in relationships. A drug or drinking problem changes the way a user thinks and perceives the world around him, making him redirect all his attention, energy and focus into satisfying the need for more. How he interacts with his spouse or partner becomes a piece of that machinery.
What are the costs?
The differences in addiction between men and women are sex- and gender-based and vary between the different types of drug or alcohol. Call Now. Treatment Center Locator. Freehold, NJ. Learn What You Can Do. No matter where you live, there is a drug rehab center that can help you overcome your addiction. Find a Treatment Center. Men were the only participants in years of studies. This initial, exclusionary medical bias reflects some of the particular issues women have faced in addiction.
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National Institute on Drug Abuse website. Something shifted when Donald Trump—who has admitted to sexual assault—was elected U. McFarlane rallied an association of civilian managers and specialists, collectively known as CAMS, to unpack what was happening. The efficacy of preemployment drug screening for marijuana and cocaine in predicting employment outcome. Video file. Since then, the proportion of university-educated women has more than doubled in Canada, from 14 per cent to over 35 per cent. In one study, for instance, researchers asked more than a hundred STEM professors in the United States to consider a candidate for a lab manager position.
What Are the Differences in Addiction Between Men and Women?
This page was last updated December Researchers are still studying how long marijuana’s effects last and whether some changes may be permanent. Studies show that very little THC is released in the air when a person exhales. When people begin using marijuana as teenagers, the drug may impair thinking, memory, and learning functions and affect how the brain builds connections between the areas necessary for these functions. Over-the-Counter Medicines. Smoking and vaping THC-rich extracts from the marijuana plant a practice called dabbing is maming the rise. Many of those interviewed for this article expected the abusf would have been solved by now—that as women became university educated and entered the workforce, particularly in high-paying sectors, the wage gap would spiral in on itself like a black hole. Therefore, people may consume more to feel the effects faster, leading to dangerous results. No matter how you crunch the numbers—regardless of sector, position or number of working hours—women continue to earn less than men. To some extent, pay and working conditions have improved for Anderson and nearly 9, of her colleagues since rural and suburban mail carriers joined the union that represents city postal workers.
Sex and gender differences in substance use
Marijuana refers to the dried leaves, flowers, stems, and seeds from the Cannabis sativa or Cannabis indica plant. The plant contains the mind-altering chemical THC and other similar compounds.
Extracts can also be made from the cannabis plant see » Marijuana Extracts «. Marijuana is the most commonly used psychotropic drug in the United States, after alcohol. Inmore than In addition, the number of young people who believe regular marijuana use is risky is decreasing.
Read more about marijuana as medicine in our DrugFacts: Marijuana as Medicine. People smoke marijuana in hand-rolled cigarettes joints or in pipes or water pipes bongs. They also smoke it in blunts—emptied cigars that have been partly or completely refilled with marijuana. To avoid inhaling smoke, some people are using vaporizers. These devices pull the active ingredients including THC from the marijuana and collect their vapor in a storage unit.
A person then inhales the vapor, not womeb smoke. Some vaporizers use a liquid marijuana extract. People can mix marijuana in food ediblessuch as brownies, cookies, or candy, or brew it as a tea. A newly popular method of use is smoking or eating different forms of THC-rich resins see » Marijuana Extracts «. These extracts can deliver extremely large amounts of THC to the body, and their use has sent some people to the emergency room. Another danger is in preparing these extracts, which usually involves butane lighter fluid.
A number of people have caused fires and explosions and have been seriously burned from using butane to make extracts at home. Marijuana has both short-and long-term effects on the brain. When a person smokes marijuana, THC quickly passes from the lungs into the bloodstream. The blood carries the chemical to the brain and other organs throughout the body. The body absorbs THC drkg slowly when the person eats or drinks it.
In that case, they generally feel the effects after 30 minutes to 1 hour. These natural chemicals play a role in normal brain development and function. Marijuana over activates parts of the brain that contain the highest number of these receptors. This causes the «high» that people feel. Other effects include:. Long-Term Effects Marijuana also affects brain development.
When people begin using marijuana as teenagers, the drug may impair thinking, memory, and learning functions and affect how the brain builds connections between the areas necessary for these functions.
Researchers are still studying how long marijuana’s effects last and whether some changes may be permanent. For example, a study from New Zealand conducted in part by researchers at Duke University showed that people who started smoking marijuana heavily in their teens and had an ongoing marijuana use disorder lost an average of 8 IQ points between ages 13 and The lost mental abilities didn’t fully return in those who quit marijuana as adults.
Those who started smoking marijuana as adults didn’t show notable IQ declines. This suggests that the IQ decline in marijuana users may be caused by something other than marijuana, such as shared familial factors e. The amount of THC in marijuana has been increasing steadily over the past few decades. Higher THC levels may explain the rise in emergency room visits involving marijuana use. The popularity of edibles also increases the chance of harmful reactions.
Edibles take longer to digest and produce a high. Therefore, people may consume more to feel the effects faster, leading to dangerous results. Higher THC levels may also mean a greater risk for addiction if people are regularly exposing themselves to high doses.
The Food and Drug Administration has alerted the public to hundreds of reports of serious lung illnesses associated with vaping, including several deaths.
Many of the suspect products tested by the states or federal health officials have been identified as vaping products containing THC, the main psychotropic ingredient in marijuana.
Some of the patients reported a mixture of THC and nicotine; and some reported vaping nicotine. No one substance has been identified in all of the samples tested, and it is unclear if the illnesses are related to one single compound. Until more details are known, Moneey officials have warned people not to use any vaping products bought on the street, and they warn against modifying any products purchased in maknig. They are also asking people and health professionals to report any adverse effects.
The CDC has posted an information page for consumers. Marijuana use has also been linked to other mental health problems, such as depression, anxiety, and suicidal thoughts among teens. However, study findings have been mixed. While it’s possible to fail a drug test after inhaling secondhand marijuana smoke, it’s unlikely. Studies show that very little THC is released in the air womej a person exhales. Research findings suggest that, unless people are in an enclosed room, breathing in lots of smoke for hours at close range, they aren’t likely to fail a drug test.
Similarly, it’s unlikely that secondhand marijuana smoke would give nonsmoking people in a confined space a high from passive exposure. Studies makinb shown that people who don’t use marijuana report only mild effects of the drug from a nearby smoker, under extreme conditions breathing in lots makjng marijuana smoke for hours in an enclosed room.
More research is needed to ,oney if secondhand marijuana smoke has similar health risks as secondhand tobacco smoke. A recent study on rats suggests that secondhand marijuana smoke can do as much damage to the heart and blood vessels as secondhand tobacco smoke. What they do know is that the toxins and tar found in marijuana smoke could affect vulnerable people, such as children or dryg with asthma. Compared to those who don’t use marijuana, those who frequently use large amounts report the following:.
People also report less academic and career success. For example, marijuana use is linked to a higher likelihood of dropping out of school. Use of alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana are likely to come before use of other drugs. For example, when rodents are repeatedly exposed to THC when they’re young, they later show an enhanced response to other addictive substances—such as morphine or nicotine—in the areas of the brain that control reward, and they’re more likely to show addiction-like behaviors.
Read more about marijuana as a gateway drug in our Marijuana Research Report. An overdose occurs when a person uses enough of the drug to produce life-threatening symptoms or death. There are no reports of teens or adults dying from marijuana. However, some people who use marijuana can feel some very uncomfortable side effects, especially when using marijuana products with high THC levels. People have reported symptoms such as anxiety and paranoia, and in rare cases, an extreme psychotic reaction which can abbuse delusions and hallucinations that can lead them to seek treatment in an emergency room.
Womeh a psychotic reaction can occur following mmore method of use, emergency room responders have seen an increasing number of cases involving marijuana edibles.
So they meen more of the edible, trying to get high faster or thinking they haven’t taken. In addition, some babies and toddlers have been seriously ill after ingesting marijuana or marijuana edibles left around the house. Marijuana use can lead to the development of a substance use disorder, a medical illness in which the person is unable to stop using even though it’s causing health and social problems in their life.
Severe substance use disorders are also known as addiction. Research suggests that between 9 and 30 percent of those who use marijuana may develop some degree of marijuana use disorder. Many people who use marijuana long term and are trying to quit report mild withdrawal symptoms that make quitting difficult. These include:. No medications are currently available to treat marijuana use disorder, but behavioral support has been shown to be effective.
Examples include therapy and motivational incentives providing rewards to patients who remain drug-free.
Continuing research may lead to new medications that help ease withdrawal symptoms, block the effects of marijuana, and prevent relapse. Persistent cannabis users show neuropsychological decline from childhood to midlife.
Impact of adolescent marijuana use on intelligence: Results from two longitudinal twin studies. J Forensic Sci. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Accessed January 19, Effects of prenatal marijuana exposure on child behavior problems at age Neurotoxicol Teratol. Prenatal alcohol and marijuana exposure: mpre on neuropsychological outcomes at 10 years.
Presence of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in human milk. N Engl J Med. Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome. Curr Drug Abuse Rev. Concentrations of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and norcarboxytetrahydrocannabinol in blood and urine after passive exposure to Cannabis smoke in a coffee shop.
J Anal Toxicol. Non-smoker exposure to secondhand cannabis smoke. Urine screening and confirmation results. Drug Alcohol Depend. Health Econ. The efficacy of preemployment drug screening for marijuana and cocaine in predicting employment womwn. J Am Heart Assoc. Probability and predictors of the cannabis gateway effect: a national study.
What is marijuana?
Gender may affect susceptibility, recovery, and risk of relapse. Until the early s, most research on substance abuse and dependence focused on men. That changed once U. Since then, investigators have learned that important gender differences exist in some types of addiction.
Addressing the Specific Behavioral Health Needs of Men.
For a brief explanation of how we’re defining these terms, see. Terminology matters. Addiction specialists use the following words in specific ways. Addiction involves craving for a particular substance, inability to control its use, and continued use despite negative consequences. According to the DSM-IVpeople who are dependent on a substance exhibit at least three of the following symptoms or behaviors over a period of time, typically for a year or longer: greater tolerance for the substance, withdrawal symptoms, ongoing desire to quit using, loss of control over use, preoccupation with the substance, less focus on other meaningful activities or commitments, and continuing use in spite of negative consequences. Womsn DSM-IV uses this term mode describe people who use a substance excessively on a regular basis, in spite of incurring legal problems, endangering themselves, jeopardizing relationships, or falling through on major responsibilities.
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